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- Obligate parasite is an organism that completes its life-cycle by exploiting a suitable host.
- Some obligate parasites induce significant observable changes in their hosts which allows the parasites to be transmitted easily to other trophic levels.
- However, the mechanisms underlying these changes are not well understood.
- Researchers demonstrated how bacterial protein SAP05 from pathogenic phytoplasmas transmitted by insect take control of numerous developmental processes in plants.
- Protein effectors are small molecules that selectively bind to a protein and modulate its biological activity.[2]
- Phytoplasma is an obligate intracellular parasite of plant phloem tissue.[3]
- Phytoplasma lacks cell wall and mainly transmitted by leafhoppers but also by plant propagation materials and seeds.[4]
- These protein effectors make the host lifespan longer and promote witches’ broom-like growth of leaf and sterile shoots, parts colonized by phytoplasmas and vectors.
- Normally, proteins not needed by plants are tagged with ubiquitin marking them as to be degraded.
- A machinery called proteasome then degrades the tagged proteins for recycling.
- SAP05 hijacks the protein degradation process and causes plant proteins involved in regulating growth to be degraded.
- SAP05 binds to both regulatory protein and the proteasome facilitating the degradation of these protein.
- Without these regulatory proteins, plant growth is affected which results in multiple vegetative shoot and tissue growth and suspension of plant aging.
- Ubiquitin receptor is common among eukaryotic organisms; however, SAP05 does not bind to insect ubiquitin receptor.
- Researchers pinpointed two amino acids in proteasome that are required to interact with SAP05.
- If these two amino acids in plant protein are replaced with amino acids from insect protein instead, they no longer interact with SAP05 and prevents the witches’ broom abnormal growth.
- The study highlights an effector protein that enables obligate parasitic phytoplasmas to promote an excess of growth development in their hosts.
- The new findings offer the possibility of manipulating two amino acids in crops to provide long-lasting resilience against phytoplasmas and the effect of SAP05.
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Sources:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.029
https://www.jic.ac.uk/press-release/the-microbial-molecule-that-turns-plants-into-zombies
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effector_(biology)
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplasma
[4] https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01349/full
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