The Chromoscience

Evaluation of Five Adjuvants with COVID-19 Subunit Vaccine

Benison P. Zerrudo
1–2 minutes

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  • The development of COVID-19 vaccines to protect the world population remains vitally important.
  • Researchers demonstrate the capacity of a COVID-19 subunit vaccine to stimulate a strong and durable antibody response and protection against the COVID-19 virus in non-human primates.
  • The COVID-19 subunit vaccine is composed of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain displayed on a protein nanoparticle.
  • Researchers evaluated five adjuvants namely Essai O/W 1849101, AS03, AS37, CpG1018-Alum, and Alum.
  • An adjuvant is a substance used in some vaccines that helps stimulate a stronger immune response in people receiving the vaccine.[1]
  • Essai O/W 1849101 is a squalene-in-water emulsion.
  • AS03 is an alpha-tocopherol-containing oil-in-water emulsion.
  • AS37 is a TLR-7 agonist adsorbed to Alum.
  • CpG1018-Alum is a TLR-9 agonist formulated in Alum.
  • Alum is the classical adjuvant most often used in vaccines and includes a range of salts of aluminum precipitated under basic conditions, usually aluminum sulfate mixed with sodium or potassium hydroxide plus a variable amount of phosphate.[2]
  • COVID-19 subunit vaccine with AS03, CpG1018-Alum, AS37, or Alum activates substantial production of neutralizing antibody and CD4 T cell responses that can protect against the COVID-19 virus in the pharynges, nares, and bronchoalveolar lavage.
  • Live-virus neutralizing antibody response was maintained for up to 180 days after vaccination with the COVID-19 subunit vaccine and AS03 combination.
  • COVID-19 subunit vaccine cross-neutralized the B.1.1.7 variant effectively however, it showed a reduced response against the B.1.351 variant.
  • The COVID-19 subunit vaccine with AS03 demonstrated a reduced neutralization of B.1.351 by 4.5 times.
  • The COVID-19 subunit vaccine with AS37 demonstrated a reduced neutralization by 16 times.
  • These varying reductions suggest differences in the breadth of the neutralizing antibody response activated by these adjuvants.
  • Additionally, COVID-19 subunit vaccine with AS03 has similar immunogenicity with a prefusion stabilized Spike immunogen (Hexapro) adjuvanted with AS03.
  • These data emphasize the effectiveness of COVID-19 subunit vaccine with an adjuvant to promote protection and immunity against the SARS-CoV-2.

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Sources:

Arunachalam, P.S., Walls, A.C., Golden, N. et al. Adjuvanting a subunit COVID-19 vaccine to induce protective immunity. Nature (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03530-2

[1] https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/adjuvants.html

[2] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/alum

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The Chromoscience uses AI-assisted tools to support the preparation and editing of science articles. Content is reviewed by the editor for clarity and consistency with the cited research before publication. Readers are encouraged to consult the original scientific publications for complete findings, methods, and limitations.

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